After Leif Eiriksson’s original voyage to North American shores, the Greenland Vikings remained in “Vinland the Good” for a time—but for how long? A couple of decades, at least, according to new evidence reported in Nature.^1,2


Now, it looks like Greenlanders migrated seasonally—if not settling for entire years—for at least 21 years after Leif’s historic voyage of discovery in A.D. 1000. Evidence for this comes from recent dendrochronology data that links to solar storm indicators.


Historical records, cross-indexed by corroborating forensic science-verified evidences, report that Leif “the Lucky” Eiriksson and his Greenland Viking crew visited “Vinland the Good”—apparently somewhere at or near Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Labrador, and/or Maine—during the year A.D. 1000.³

Because 11th century Greenland was virtually devoid of timber—which was always needed for many purposes—the unlimited supply of timber, in Vinland and in nearby Markland (today’s Labrador), attracted repeated voyages by Greenlanders’ knarr longships. Unsurprisingly, these Vikings enjoyed Vinland’s coastal salmon, which they reported as larger than what they caught in Greenland’s coastal waters.³

So, sailing-weather permitting, seasonal visits continued and acquired valuable timber, anadromous salmon in tidewaters and coastal streams, easily-harvested fruit (including wild grapes), as well as multi-year settlements.

But the climate was slowing changing in North Atlantic regions, as the Medieval Warm Period shifts slowly but surely into the Little Ice Age. Accordingly, as the number of ice-free travel months shrunk—between Greenland and North American shorelands—the opportunities for safe travel between Vinland and Greenland dropped.³

But some are skeptical that Greenland Vikings ever visited Vinland so frequently after Leif’s original visit. That skepticism, however, is now challenged by a combination of dendrochronology (calculating timeframes according to tree ring analysis³) linked to empirically observable marks of historic solar storm activity.¹


This calculation (of exactly 1,000 years ago) is based upon examining tooled wood—wood that had been clearly shaped by tools Native Americans did not possess. This wood contains tree ring “spikes” that indicate the A.D. 993 solar storms, and counting outward from these “spikes” to the bark yields 28 rings, supposedly representing 28 years. However, this method assumes that each year between A.D. 993 and A.D. 1021 had exactly one growth ring, which might or might not have been the case. This further assumes that the tree was felled (and stopped producing growth rings) in the same year that Vinland Vikings used woodworking tools on its timber.


The scientists described their research methodology as follows:


Of course, this specific set of data observations, as so analyzed, only established the timeframe (almost to the year, assuming that each year is represented by one and only one growth ring4) for when the trees were felled, presumably by Vinland-visiting Vikings, that were used to produce the wood that was dendrochronologically analyzed 1000+ years later. Obviously, the Vikings who visited Vinland felled more than one tree—and did so over a series of years.

So, the researchers’ primary conclusion is justified, by their use of some empirical science to corroborate historical facts previously established by forensic science:


As has been reported previously by this author, judging assumptions is very important for learning about no-longer-observable events of the past, because apart from a reliable eyewitness it is easy to guess amiss.⁵ Thus, in this case—involving Viking tool-worked wood remains, the dendrochronology analysis, standing alone, could be easily misinterpreted by wrong assumptions. However, the greater context of forensic science factors—including review of Norse Viking coin evidence (found in Maine), the Viking spindle whorl (also found at L’Anse aux Meadows), corroborative Icelandic sagas, as well as reports of Markland’s features by other European contemporaries, etc.—is needed to ensure an adequately contextualized evidence-weighed analysis.³

Meanwhile, the ultimate illustration of this evidentiary principle is the Holy Bible itself, God’s gift of truth to mankind—because apart from the Bible we would not know Who the Lord Jesus Christ is.

And knowing the truth about Christ—our Creator and our Redeemer—is absolutely critical for life here and hereafter. And this is eternal life, that they may know You, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom You have sent. (John 17:3)

References
1. Curry, A. 2021. “Ancient Solar Storm Pinpoints Viking Settlement in Americas Exactly 1,000 Years Ago.” National Geographic. Posted on MSN.com October 20, 2021, accessed July 27, 2021.
2. Kuitems, M. and B. L. Wallace, et al. Evidence for European Presence in the Americas in AD1021. Nature. Posted on nature.com October 20, 2021, accessed July 27, 2021.
3. Haywood, J. 1995. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings. London, England: Penguin Books, 98-99. See also Magnusson, M., and H. Pálsson, translators/editors. 1965. Glænlendinga Saga, and Eirik’s Saga. In The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America. London, England: Penguin, 47-72, 73-105. On Leif’s contribution to Viking Christianity and Vinland’s exploration, see Johnson, J. J. S. 2021. “Leif Eiriksson, Exemplifying Both the Genesis Mandate and the Great Commission: Filling the Earth in Vinland, plus Evangelizing Kinfolk in Viking Age Greenland” presented to the Norwegian Society of Texas in Dallas, Texas on October 16, 2021.
4. Johnson, J. J. S. 2020. Children’s Tree Book Rings of Evolutionary Agenda. Creation Science Update. Posted on ICR.org June 8, 2020.
5. Johnson, J. J. S. 2018. Something Fishy about Radiocarbon-Dating Viking Bones. Creation Research Society Quarterly. 54 (3): 213-216.

*Dr. Johnson is Associate Professor of Apologetics and Chief Academic Officer at the Institute for Creation Research.