Our brain is designed to smoothly and constantly process what we see via the incredibly sensitive photoreceptors (cones and rods) of our eyes.¹ But throughout a typical day, our eyes may be subject to rapid changes of shadows and light many times in a fraction of a second. Regardless, we are able to see almost seamlessly. How is this visual stability maintained?

Bacteria (prokaryotes) are ubiquitous. A fraction cause disease in people, animals, and plants, but the majority are the foundation for the global food web, the nitrogen cycle, soil formation, and are part of the critical microbiome (the collection of microorganisms living in or on people and animals).¹

by Randy J. Guliuzza, P.E., M.D., and Aaron T. Guliuzza, P.E.*

Hawaiians call their state fish the humuhumunukunukuapua’a, or humuhumu for short, and snorkelers marvel at its wild paint job as it flits beneath basalt reefs.