Speciation may be defined as the separation of populations of animals or plants that resemble one another closely and originally able to interbreed—into independent populations with genetic differences, and sometimes not able to interbreed with other populations to which they are directly related. Put another way, speciation is when one creature becomes two or more species. However, according to a respected evolutionist, “Speciation remains one of the most controversial and least understood topics in evolution.”1 The main problem is that the use of the term ‘species’ can be arbitrary and non-definitive.
Charlotte Lindqvist at the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences said recently, "The formation and maintenance of species can be a messy process."2 Lindqvist is an expert on bear genetics and was addressing the histories of brown bears and polar bears (which are interfertile and occasionally interbreed in the wild).
Evolutionists have known for some time that “Becoming separate species [does] not completely stop these animals from mating with each other.”2 Then they were not separate species. They are able to mate with each other because they are of the created bear kind.
When did this split into two species of bears occur? Evolutionists can only say: over a million years ago. However,
Using the infamous molecular clock is of limited value.
Lindqvist also stated, “there was multidirectional genetic mixing going on as different groups of archaic humans mated with ancestors of modern humans.”2 That is, mixing between Neanderthals and Denisovans. Two years earlier, geneticist Jeff Tomkins stated,
The same can be said of the varieties of (“Darwin’s”) finches found on the Galapagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Two evolutionary ornithologists spent over four decades in these islands unknowingly documenting what the Bible teaches in Genesis chapter one. God created finches after their kind. The supposed thirteen new species had the genetic ability to move in and fill various ecological niches (e.g. different areas on different islands) based in part on the variation of their beak structure. But are they new species? No.
So, these birds are not “independent evolutionary units which can interbreed no longer.”6 They are a variation of the finch kind within the subfamily Geospizinae. Evolutionists maintain they evolved from a single finch species that flew to the islands from the mainland “two million years ago.”7
The creation model states finches, like England’s peppered moths,8 have close genetic similarities, and like the peppered moths, what zoologists observed with the finches is a change in the ratio of preexisting varieties. There was no real (vertical) evolution.
The popular research bacterium, Escherichia coli, is being used in what evolutionist Richard Lenski at Michigan State University calls a long-term evolutionary experiment (LTEE).9 After 75,000 carefully monitored and documented generations the evolutionists still have E. coli.
It is called one of biology’s longest-running experiments, but so far it only documents the minor variations of the bacteria E. coli. Since February of 1988 when the experiment started with 12 identical populations of E. coli until now, the bacteria stubbornly remain the same genus and species.
When this long-term evolutionary experiment finally ends creationists predict Lenski and his colleagues with end up with what they started with: E. coli.
The evolutionary-biased term ‘speciation’ is better defined within a biblical model that also fortuitously aligns itself with real-world biology. This biblical model is based on the fact that plants and animals were created according to their kind with innate mechanisms to diversify and adapt within their kinds to succeed and fill niches.
References
1. Miglietta, et al. 2011. Symposium ‘Speciation in the sea’ Integrative & Comparative Biology. 51:3, 449.
9. Pennisi, E. 2013. The Man Who Bottled Evolution. Science. 342: 790–793.
*Dr. Sherwin is Research Scientist at the Institute for Creation Research. He earned an M.A. in zoology from the University of Northern Colorado and received an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Pensacola Christian College